1. INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS
1.1 TELECOMMUNICATIONS: The word Telecommunication is a combination of two words TELE+COMMUNICATION. The word Tele in Latin means Distance. Hence Telecommunication is also known as Distance Communication. The French word telecommunication was coined in 1904 by the French engineer and novelist Edouard Estaunie.
It is defined as the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times this may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags fire or heliograph and other optical communications.
In modern times it typically involves the use of electronic devices such as telephones, televisions, radio or computers with the help of electromagnetic waves by transmitters and receivers. Early inventors in the field of telecommunication include Alexander Graham Bell, Guglielmo Marconi and John L.Baird.
BASIC ELEMENTS
A basic telecommunication system consists of three elements:
· A transmitter that takes information and converts into a signal
· A transmission medium that carries the signal
· A receiver that receives the signal and converts back into usable information.
For example, in a radio broadcast the broadcast tower is the transmitter, free space is the transmission medium and the radio is the receiver. Often telecommunication systems are two-way with a single device acting as both transmitter and receiver or Transceiver. For example, Mobile phone is a transceiver.
Telecommunication over a telephone line is called point-to-point communication because it is between one transmitter and one receiver but communication through radio broadcast is called broadcast communication as it is between one powerful transmitter and numerous receivers.
1.2 PRINCIPLES OF TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES
The original information energy (human voice, or music, or a telegraph signal) is converted into electrical form to produce an electronic information signal. This is achieved by a suitable transducer, device that converts energy from one form to another whenever required.
When a radio frequency current flows into a transmitting antenna (aerial), power is radiated in a number of directions which is called an Electromagnetic wave.
The radiated energy will reach the receiving station by one or more of the five different propagation modes:
· Surface wave propagation
· Sky wave propagation
· Space wave propagation
· Satellite propagation and
· Scatter wave propagation
MODULATION OF SIGNALS:
Modulation is the process of translating the audio frequencies to higher level frequencies that is suitable for transmission.
In general, it is the process by which some characteristic (amplitude, frequency, and phase) of a carrier is varied in accordance with the modulating wave signal (input).
INPUT OUTPUT
(Modulating / baseband /audio / → MODULATION → (modulated signal)
Low frequency signal) ↓
Carrier (RF-high frequency signal)
NEED FOR MODULATION:
· It simplifies power amplifier design
· Frequency band shifting is made possible
· For efficient radiation and reception antenna height should be comparable to λ/4 of the frequency used.
· Low frequency message is shifted to radio frequency range and can be communicated to a long distance.
TYPES OF MODULATION:
1. Continuous wave modulation-Amplitude modulation (AM)
-Angle modulation-frequency modulation (FM)
-phase modulation (PM)
2. Pulse modulation -analog modulation
-digital modulation
1.3 TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDS
Standardization is vital in telecommunication as it allows world wide communication. There are international, regional and national standardization agencies.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS:
The most encompassing international standard is the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) based in Geneva, Switzerland and has literally over 2000 standards. It has two sectors namely ITU-T (telecommunication sector) produced by CCITT (International Consultative Committee for Telephone & Telegraph) and the other sector is the ITU-R (radio communication sector) produced by CCIR (International Consultative Committee for Radio).
REGIONAL STANDARDS:
Regional standard bodies exist such as CEN (European Committee for Standardization), CEN ELEC (European Committee for Electro Technical Standardization), ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute), IRMM (Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements) in Europe. ETSI is one of the important regional standards which produced the European version digital network PCM.
NATIONAL STANDARDS:
American national standards institute based in New York produces a wide range of standards. EIA (Electronics Industries Association) and TIA (Telecommunication Industries Association) are the standards that are responsible for the preparation and dissemination of telecommunication standards.
The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) standard produces 802 series specification used for enterprise networks.
The ATSC (Advanced television System Committee) standard used for video compression is used to produce CATV (Cable Television standards) standard.
Monday, February 22, 2010
ARE YOU A GOOD LISTENER
Are you a good listener?
“A listener, who truly hears, is a gem. They will not only hear what you are saying, they will understand what you mean. There is nothing more frustrating than expending your energy on a long saga, only to find your audience distracted.”
Communication begins with good listening skills. An active listener is fully present in the situation, attending to the speaker’s body language and each word said. A passive listener on the other hand is wandering and preoccupied with self thoughts. The passive listener may be waiting to jump in at the earliest opportunity to say something about themselves or their point of view and in doing so, might completely miss what the other party has said.
Many people may believe that they are already good listeners. Take the test by answering the following questions:
While listening, are you thinking about the next question to ask?
While listening, are you thinking how to top what has just been said?
While listening, are you getting angry or judging what has been said?
While listening, are you switching off and thinking about something completely different?
Answering "yes" to the above questions indicates poor listening skills. Good listening creates good empathy, which is the first step to making good relationships.
How to Be a Good Listener:
Give attention- Make eye contact with the speaker. Listen keenly and let the speaker know that you are actually listening to him. You can speak phrases like ok, true, yes to show your interest. Ask questions; this shows that you are interested. Smiling helps too! Avoid crossing your arms since this can be interpreted as being closed off. If you're speaking with someone who's sitting, you should sit too. Standing over someone is too authoritative and may make the other person feel uncomfortable.
But why do all this - It gives the speaker a boost and further encourages explaining you better.
Do not interrupt- Take the time to listen – just relax and open your ears! A good speaker will give you an opportunity to speak once you have listened to him.
Empathize- When someone shares information with you, put yourself in his shoes. Doing this will allow the two of you to discover solutions more easily and will also help you appreciate a perspective different from your own.
Don’t change the subject- Changing the subject means that your attention is elsewhere or you are not interested in the conversation. This gives the impression that you give little importance to what the speaker has to say.
“A listener, who truly hears, is a gem. They will not only hear what you are saying, they will understand what you mean. There is nothing more frustrating than expending your energy on a long saga, only to find your audience distracted.”
Communication begins with good listening skills. An active listener is fully present in the situation, attending to the speaker’s body language and each word said. A passive listener on the other hand is wandering and preoccupied with self thoughts. The passive listener may be waiting to jump in at the earliest opportunity to say something about themselves or their point of view and in doing so, might completely miss what the other party has said.
Many people may believe that they are already good listeners. Take the test by answering the following questions:
While listening, are you thinking about the next question to ask?
While listening, are you thinking how to top what has just been said?
While listening, are you getting angry or judging what has been said?
While listening, are you switching off and thinking about something completely different?
Answering "yes" to the above questions indicates poor listening skills. Good listening creates good empathy, which is the first step to making good relationships.
How to Be a Good Listener:
Give attention- Make eye contact with the speaker. Listen keenly and let the speaker know that you are actually listening to him. You can speak phrases like ok, true, yes to show your interest. Ask questions; this shows that you are interested. Smiling helps too! Avoid crossing your arms since this can be interpreted as being closed off. If you're speaking with someone who's sitting, you should sit too. Standing over someone is too authoritative and may make the other person feel uncomfortable.
But why do all this - It gives the speaker a boost and further encourages explaining you better.
Do not interrupt- Take the time to listen – just relax and open your ears! A good speaker will give you an opportunity to speak once you have listened to him.
Empathize- When someone shares information with you, put yourself in his shoes. Doing this will allow the two of you to discover solutions more easily and will also help you appreciate a perspective different from your own.
Don’t change the subject- Changing the subject means that your attention is elsewhere or you are not interested in the conversation. This gives the impression that you give little importance to what the speaker has to say.
Tuesday, February 16, 2010
E-SERVER
Email Server:
An email server is a computer that acts as an electronic post-office, to send and receive electronic mails. An email server usually stores the following items:
· Emails for local users
· Rules about how to handle emails
· Database of user accounts
Types of Email Servers:
The following are some of the types of email servers:
· Post Office Protocol 3 (POP 3): These servers retain the emails until you check them, and delete them after you check. This is the most common type for personal email accounts.
· Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP): These servers let you preview, delete, and organize emails without you having to download them to your computer. These servers store a copy of the email until you delete it. This is commonly used for business accounts.
· Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): These servers send your emails to the Internet. Since these servers handle out-going emails, they work with POP3 or IMAP to receive emails.
How an Email Server Works:
The following steps detail how an email server works:
1. When you click Send, the SMTP server (which handles out-going emails) looks for the domain name in the recipient’s address. Details of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses are stored in the DNS Server.
2. The SMTP server connects to the DNS Server and fetches the recipient’s IP address.
3. The SMTP server breaks up the email into smaller packets and sends the packets to the recipient’s domain over the Internet.
4. The packets pass through several servers before connecting to the recipient’s domain name (IP address). Once in the recipient’s domain name, checks if the recipient’s address belongs to the specified domain name, and then sends the email to the recipient’s domain name.
5. The POP3 server on the recipient’s domain name delivers the email to the specified recipient and retains it until he/she checks it.
If you are sending the email within the same domain, then the SMTP server sends the email to the local POP3 or IMAP server.
MS Exchange, IBM Lotus Domino, Novell Netmail, and Zimbra are some of the popular email servers.
Relation Between a Domain Name, an Email Address, and an Email Server
The domain name identifies one or more IP addresses. Suppose my email address is writer@work.com, and suppose hyd.com is the company that hosts work.com. If mailserv1 is the email server designated to store all the emails for work.com, then when I get an email, it is stored in mailserv1.hyd.com. mailserv1.com then delivers the email to my mail box, which is writer@work.com.
Email Client
An email client downloads your emails from an email server (usually a remote system) and stores on your system. Some popular email clients are MS Outlook, Outlook Express, Thunderbird, and Eudora.
An email server is a computer that acts as an electronic post-office, to send and receive electronic mails. An email server usually stores the following items:
· Emails for local users
· Rules about how to handle emails
· Database of user accounts
Types of Email Servers:
The following are some of the types of email servers:
· Post Office Protocol 3 (POP 3): These servers retain the emails until you check them, and delete them after you check. This is the most common type for personal email accounts.
· Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP): These servers let you preview, delete, and organize emails without you having to download them to your computer. These servers store a copy of the email until you delete it. This is commonly used for business accounts.
· Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): These servers send your emails to the Internet. Since these servers handle out-going emails, they work with POP3 or IMAP to receive emails.
How an Email Server Works:
The following steps detail how an email server works:
1. When you click Send, the SMTP server (which handles out-going emails) looks for the domain name in the recipient’s address. Details of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses are stored in the DNS Server.
2. The SMTP server connects to the DNS Server and fetches the recipient’s IP address.
3. The SMTP server breaks up the email into smaller packets and sends the packets to the recipient’s domain over the Internet.
4. The packets pass through several servers before connecting to the recipient’s domain name (IP address). Once in the recipient’s domain name, checks if the recipient’s address belongs to the specified domain name, and then sends the email to the recipient’s domain name.
5. The POP3 server on the recipient’s domain name delivers the email to the specified recipient and retains it until he/she checks it.
If you are sending the email within the same domain, then the SMTP server sends the email to the local POP3 or IMAP server.
MS Exchange, IBM Lotus Domino, Novell Netmail, and Zimbra are some of the popular email servers.
Relation Between a Domain Name, an Email Address, and an Email Server
The domain name identifies one or more IP addresses. Suppose my email address is writer@work.com, and suppose hyd.com is the company that hosts work.com. If mailserv1 is the email server designated to store all the emails for work.com, then when I get an email, it is stored in mailserv1.hyd.com. mailserv1.com then delivers the email to my mail box, which is writer@work.com.
Email Client
An email client downloads your emails from an email server (usually a remote system) and stores on your system. Some popular email clients are MS Outlook, Outlook Express, Thunderbird, and Eudora.
INTERNET MARKETING
HOW TO USE INTERNET MARKETING:
Internet Marketing, also referred to as i-marketing, web-marketing, online-marketing, or e-marketing is the marketing of services and products over the internet.
The internet has brought media to a global audience. Internet marketing is considered to have a broader scope because it not only refers to the internet, e-mail, and wireless media, but it includes management of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) systems.
Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the internet, including: design, development, advertising and sales.
It also refers to the placement of media along different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific sites, e-mail marketing and Web 2.0 strategies.
Internet marketing is one of the best ways to stay in touch with the customers. It can also be effective as a direct-marketing device. Email subscribers know in advance how often
Customers send messages and what type of content they expect. Messages should be made as targeted as possible; relevancy keeps people listening.
The internet marketing website should be integrated with the company’s other marketing activities and also connected with the company’s off-line efforts.
Even without sophisticated personalization technology, the web allows the user to easily target the message, making them more relevant to users. It helps to find out the user in the most intrusive way and then talk to them more personally.
Internet advertising has been pushed as a direct-response device, but the B2B (business to business) process is far more complex and longer than with B2C (business to customer. B2B marketers should consider using Internet advertising to reach targets that regularly use the Internet at the places they often go with ads that feature things like white papers, research, Web seminars and other information that is likely to be of strong interest to prospects.
Internet Marketing, also referred to as i-marketing, web-marketing, online-marketing, or e-marketing is the marketing of services and products over the internet.
The internet has brought media to a global audience. Internet marketing is considered to have a broader scope because it not only refers to the internet, e-mail, and wireless media, but it includes management of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) systems.
Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the internet, including: design, development, advertising and sales.
It also refers to the placement of media along different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific sites, e-mail marketing and Web 2.0 strategies.
Internet marketing is one of the best ways to stay in touch with the customers. It can also be effective as a direct-marketing device. Email subscribers know in advance how often
Customers send messages and what type of content they expect. Messages should be made as targeted as possible; relevancy keeps people listening.
The internet marketing website should be integrated with the company’s other marketing activities and also connected with the company’s off-line efforts.
Even without sophisticated personalization technology, the web allows the user to easily target the message, making them more relevant to users. It helps to find out the user in the most intrusive way and then talk to them more personally.
Internet advertising has been pushed as a direct-response device, but the B2B (business to business) process is far more complex and longer than with B2C (business to customer. B2B marketers should consider using Internet advertising to reach targets that regularly use the Internet at the places they often go with ads that feature things like white papers, research, Web seminars and other information that is likely to be of strong interest to prospects.
Any good Web site statistics software package should give the following information:
How many people are coming to the site?
What pages they're viewing?
What search engines they're coming from and more?
The site must be redesigned to make it more effective for the users and for reaching their desired objectives (e.g., get leads, sales, etc.).The on-line and off-line information should be integrated to provide a more complete picture of customers and prospects.
Internet marketing isn’t just for consumer marketers or large B2B firms – it’s a powerful vehicle for companies of all sizes. Internet marketing offers B2B marketers an opportunity to reach very broad or targeted prospects to generate leads, communicate a message and raise visibility.
While a B2B marketer has a smaller universe of prospects than a consumer marketer, the value of each prospect is typically far greater. With a targeted campaign and a good offer, it’s possible to generate a handful of highly qualified prospects to generate substantial revenue. Campaigns are used to generate new leads, sell products, or increase visibility.
How many people are coming to the site?
What pages they're viewing?
What search engines they're coming from and more?
The site must be redesigned to make it more effective for the users and for reaching their desired objectives (e.g., get leads, sales, etc.).The on-line and off-line information should be integrated to provide a more complete picture of customers and prospects.
Internet marketing isn’t just for consumer marketers or large B2B firms – it’s a powerful vehicle for companies of all sizes. Internet marketing offers B2B marketers an opportunity to reach very broad or targeted prospects to generate leads, communicate a message and raise visibility.
While a B2B marketer has a smaller universe of prospects than a consumer marketer, the value of each prospect is typically far greater. With a targeted campaign and a good offer, it’s possible to generate a handful of highly qualified prospects to generate substantial revenue. Campaigns are used to generate new leads, sell products, or increase visibility.
Benefits of internet marketing:
Timing: Reach businesspeople when they’re actively looking for information, vendors and solutions.
Immediacy: Testing and launching must be done very quickly and generate response immediately.
Targeting: Deliver the message to very specific audiences.
Lead generation and nurturing: Capture prospects early, provide valuable information, and nurture them throughout the sales process.
Cost: Reach a large audience quickly and at a lower cost than many other media.
Scalability: Run campaigns of any size at any budget level.
As with any marketing program, it’s important to develop a good strategy, target the audience, test, measure and improve – especially because it’s easy and inexpensive to test different aspects of the user’s campaigns to generate the best possible results
Timing: Reach businesspeople when they’re actively looking for information, vendors and solutions.
Immediacy: Testing and launching must be done very quickly and generate response immediately.
Targeting: Deliver the message to very specific audiences.
Lead generation and nurturing: Capture prospects early, provide valuable information, and nurture them throughout the sales process.
Cost: Reach a large audience quickly and at a lower cost than many other media.
Scalability: Run campaigns of any size at any budget level.
As with any marketing program, it’s important to develop a good strategy, target the audience, test, measure and improve – especially because it’s easy and inexpensive to test different aspects of the user’s campaigns to generate the best possible results
Internet marketing is relatively inexpensive when compared to the ratio of cost against the reach of the target audience. Companies can reach a wide audience for a small fraction of traditional advertising budgets. Businesses have the advantage of appealing to consumers in a medium that can bring results quickly. Internet marketers also have the advantage of measuring statistics easily and inexpensively. Nearly all aspects of an Internet marketing campaign can be traced, measured, and tested. The advertisers can use a variety of methods:
· pay per impression,
· pay per click,
· pay per play, or
· pay per action
Advantages of Internet Marketing
· The store is kept open, 24 hrs a day, and 7 days a week. Further, customers are worldwide in reach, and can shop anytime that they want to.
· The cost of spreading the message is next to nothing. Emailing any subscription base is more often cheaper than sending a letter through the mail.
· Updating the subscribers can be done almost instantly through email. Visitors to the website can get up to the minute information on each visit. If there is a sale, the customers can start shopping at the discounted prices literally as soon as they open their email.
· For an information sensitive business, such as a law firm, newspaper or online magazine, the products can be delivered directly to the customers without having to use a courier.
Disadvantages of Internet Marketing:
- Online marketing is not free. The cost of software, hardware, wed site design, maintenance of the site, online distribution costs and of course, time, all must be factored into the cost of providing your service or product.
- Slightly over 50% of households shop online. While that number continues to grow, it would reach less than two out of three households.
- The internet is still regarded as a source of information gathering for the majority of the customers.
-easier to have outdated information on the site, thus timing of updates is critical
- There is a lot of competition for the product. By the time the visitor finds, they have already been clicking many links.
There are many other pros and cons of internet marketing. It’s important for to consider each when creating the internet marketing strategy. Each of the disadvantages can be overcome, but only if the customer’s experience is viewed from the eyes of the customer, not as an internet marketer.
To be successful at Internet marketing, it is a must to understand the essential secrets of Internet marketing. These secrets are needed to achieve success by finding the right audience, communicating the message properly, and leading consumers down the path to purchase. Internet marketing is an incredibly powerful medium for segmenting your prospects and delivering targeted advertising.
These secrets include:
1. Website Directory Listings
2. Generating Traffic
3. Testimonials
4. Create a Compelling Offer
5. Providing guarantee.
GSI
Geographic information systems (GIS) (also known as Geospatial information systems) are computer software and hardware systems that enable users to capture, store, analyse and manage spatialially referenced data
GISs have transformed the way spatial (geographic) data, relationships and patterns in the world are able to be interactively queried, processed, analysed, mapped, modelled, visualised, and displayed for an increasingly large range of users, for a multitude of purpose.
GISs have transformed the way spatial (geographic) data, relationships and patterns in the world are able to be interactively queried, processed, analysed, mapped, modelled, visualised, and displayed for an increasingly large range of users, for a multitude of purpose.
Introduction:
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer based information system used to digitally represent and analyse the geographic features present on the Earth' surface and the events (non-spatial attributes linked to the geography under study) that taking place on it. The meaning to represent digitally is to convert analog (smooth line) into a digital form. "Every object present on the Earth can be geo-referenced", is the fundamental key of associating any database to GIS. Here, term 'database' is a collection of information about things and their relationship to each other, and 'geo-referencing' refers to the location of a layer or coverage in space defined by the co-ordinate referencing system. Work on GIS began in late 1950s, but first GIS software came only in late 1970s from the lab of the ESRI. Canada was the pioneer in the development of GIS as a result of innovations dating back to early 1960s. Much of the credit for the early development of GIS goes to Roger Tomilson. Evolution of GIS has transformed and revolutionized the ways in which planners, engineers, managers etc. conduct the database management and analysis.
A typical GIS can be understood by the help of various definitions given below:-
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that happen on Earth
Burrough in 1986 defined GIS as, "Set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes"
Arnoff in 1989 defines GIS as, "a computer based system that provides four sets of capabilities to handle geo-referenced data :
· data input
· data management (data storage and retrieval)
· manipulation and analysis
· data output. "
Hence GIS is looked upon as a tool to assist in decision-making and management of attributes that needs to be analysed spatially.
Need of GIS:
Many professionals, such as foresters, urban planners, and geologists, have recognized the importance of spatial dimensions in organising & analysing information. Whether a discipline is concerned with the very practical aspects of business, or is concerned with purely academic research, geographic information system can introduce a perspective, which can provide valuable insights as
70% of the information has geographic location as it's denominator making spatial analysis an essential tool.
Ability to assimilate divergent sources of data both spatial and non-spatial (attribute data).
Visualization Impact
Analytical Capability
Sharing of Information
Factors Aiding the rise of GIS:
Revolution in Information Technology.
· Computer Technology.
· Remote Sensing.
· Global Positioning System.
Communication Technology.
Rapidly declining cost of Computer Hardware, and at the same time, exponential growth of operational speed of computers.
Enhanced functionality of software and their user-friendliness.
Visualizing impact of GIS corroborating the Chinese proverb "a picture is worth a thousand words."
Geographical feature and data describing it are part of our everyday lives & most of our everyday decisions are influenced by some facet of Geography.
Major areas of application:
Different streams of planningUrban planning, housing, transportation planning architectural conservation, urban design, landscape.
Street Network Based ApplicationIt is an addressed matched application, vehicle routing and scheduling: location and site selection and disaster planning.
Natural Resource Based ApplicationManagement and environmental impact analysis of wild and scenic recreational resources, flood plain, wetlands, acquifers, forests, and wildlife.
View Shed AnalysisHazardous or toxic factories siting and ground water modelling. Wild life habitat study and migrational route planning.
Land Parcel BasedZoning, sub-division plans review, land acquisition, environment impact analysis, nature quality management and maintenance etc.
Facilities ManagementCan locate underground pipes and cables for maintenance, planning, tracking energy use.
70% of the information has geographic location as it's denominator making spatial analysis an essential tool.
Ability to assimilate divergent sources of data both spatial and non-spatial (attribute data).
Visualization Impact
Analytical Capability
Sharing of Information
Factors Aiding the rise of GIS:
Revolution in Information Technology.
· Computer Technology.
· Remote Sensing.
· Global Positioning System.
Communication Technology.
Rapidly declining cost of Computer Hardware, and at the same time, exponential growth of operational speed of computers.
Enhanced functionality of software and their user-friendliness.
Visualizing impact of GIS corroborating the Chinese proverb "a picture is worth a thousand words."
Geographical feature and data describing it are part of our everyday lives & most of our everyday decisions are influenced by some facet of Geography.
Major areas of application:
Different streams of planningUrban planning, housing, transportation planning architectural conservation, urban design, landscape.
Street Network Based ApplicationIt is an addressed matched application, vehicle routing and scheduling: location and site selection and disaster planning.
Natural Resource Based ApplicationManagement and environmental impact analysis of wild and scenic recreational resources, flood plain, wetlands, acquifers, forests, and wildlife.
View Shed AnalysisHazardous or toxic factories siting and ground water modelling. Wild life habitat study and migrational route planning.
Land Parcel BasedZoning, sub-division plans review, land acquisition, environment impact analysis, nature quality management and maintenance etc.
Facilities ManagementCan locate underground pipes and cables for maintenance, planning, tracking energy use.
Thursday, February 4, 2010
GOOD BYE 2009
2009 is coming to an end, Here are the important events and memorable moments of 2009. Its worth remembering these . Most of them are directly or indirectly related to India.
Barack Obama elected as 44th American President , he is the first African-American to be elected as American president. His election campaigns and Victory speech was much discussed all over the world. Politically it was a turning point for India.
A.R Rahman and Resul Pookuty won oscar award. First ever Oscar awards won by any Indian.
Read more news about slumdog-millionaire here
Micheal Jackson’s demise was one of the greatest event of 2009, Music lovers from all over the world expressed their gratitude. you can read more about him at wikipedia
YSR Reddy died in 2009 on a helicoper crash in Andrapradesh, He was the chief minister of Andra Pradesh (India) at that time. On Wednesday ,2 September,2009 helicopter lost contact with air traffic contollers, Wreckage of helicopter was finally spotted by IAF Dhruv helicopter after more than 24 hours. His death was regarded by Yahoo as the biggest farewell in India for the year 2009.
Chandrayan was India’s unmanned lunar probe which was a 386 crore project. Lunar satelite had a mass of 1,380 Kilograms at the launch time.Chandrayan operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years but project was a grand sucess.
Read more about Chandrayaan
Suggested Reading:
Mobile numbers in India remains 10 digit – starts with 7 or 8 Mobile numbers in India remains 10...
oscar award slumdog millionaire The Oscar award Oscar award...
End of an era – Jacko, Micheal Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) End of an era - Jacko....
Solar eclipse in india , July 22, 2009 , Place , Map , Location , do and don’t and eye care safety A solar eclipse occurs when the...
Display Google Calendar Events on Windows Desktop Sidebar with DGSCal Display Google Calendar Events on Windows...
Google Phone Nexus One India price and specifications: Google Phone Nexus One India price...
Hot Gadgets and products of 2009 Hot Gadgets and products of 2009...
Total Solar eclipse in India on January 15, 2010 between 12:18 and 3:32pm Total Solar eclipse in India on...
Barack Obama elected as 44th American President , he is the first African-American to be elected as American president. His election campaigns and Victory speech was much discussed all over the world. Politically it was a turning point for India.
A.R Rahman and Resul Pookuty won oscar award. First ever Oscar awards won by any Indian.
Read more news about slumdog-millionaire here
Micheal Jackson’s demise was one of the greatest event of 2009, Music lovers from all over the world expressed their gratitude. you can read more about him at wikipedia
YSR Reddy died in 2009 on a helicoper crash in Andrapradesh, He was the chief minister of Andra Pradesh (India) at that time. On Wednesday ,2 September,2009 helicopter lost contact with air traffic contollers, Wreckage of helicopter was finally spotted by IAF Dhruv helicopter after more than 24 hours. His death was regarded by Yahoo as the biggest farewell in India for the year 2009.
Chandrayan was India’s unmanned lunar probe which was a 386 crore project. Lunar satelite had a mass of 1,380 Kilograms at the launch time.Chandrayan operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years but project was a grand sucess.
Read more about Chandrayaan
Suggested Reading:
Mobile numbers in India remains 10 digit – starts with 7 or 8 Mobile numbers in India remains 10...
oscar award slumdog millionaire The Oscar award Oscar award...
End of an era – Jacko, Micheal Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) End of an era - Jacko....
Solar eclipse in india , July 22, 2009 , Place , Map , Location , do and don’t and eye care safety A solar eclipse occurs when the...
Display Google Calendar Events on Windows Desktop Sidebar with DGSCal Display Google Calendar Events on Windows...
Google Phone Nexus One India price and specifications: Google Phone Nexus One India price...
Hot Gadgets and products of 2009 Hot Gadgets and products of 2009...
Total Solar eclipse in India on January 15, 2010 between 12:18 and 3:32pm Total Solar eclipse in India on...
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
The Importance of WATER
Water is the common name applied to the liquid form (state) of the hydrogen and oxygen compound H2O. Pure water is an odorless, tasteless, clear liquid. Water is one of nature's most important gifts to mankind. Essential to life, a person's survival depends on drinking water. Water is one of the most essential elements to good health -- it is necessary for the digestion and absorbtion of food; helps maintain proper muscle tone; supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cells; rids the body of wastes; and serves as a natural air conditioning system. Health officials emphasize the importance of drinking at least eight glasses of clean water each and every day to maintain good health.
Since water contains no calories and can serve as an appetite suppressant and helps the body metabolize stored fat, it may possibly be one of the most significant factors in losing weight. In his book, titled "The Snowbird Diet" Dr. Donald Robertson says the body will not function properly without enough water and discusses the importance of drinking plenty of water for permanent weight loss: "Drinking enough water is the best treatment for fluid retention; the overweight person needs more water than the thin one; water helps to maintain proper muscle tone; water can help relieve constipation; drinking water is essential to weight loss."
Water is a key component in determining the quality of our lives. Today, people are concerned about the quality of the water they drink. Although water covers more than 70% of the Earth, only 1% of the Earth's water is available as a source of drinking. Yet, our society continues to contaminate this precious resource. Water is known as a natural solvent. Before it reaches the consumer's tap, it comes into contact with many different substances, including organic and inorganic matter, chemicals, and o ther contaminants. Many public water systems treat water with chlorine to destroy disease-producing contaminants that may be present in the water. Although disinfection is an important step in the treatment of potable water, the taste and odor of chlorine is objectionable. And, the disinfectants that are used to prevent disease, can create byproducts which may pose significant health risks. Today, drinking water treatment at the point-of-use is no longer a luxury, it is a necessity! Consumers are taking matters into their own hands and are now determining the quality of the water they and their families will drink by installing a drinking water system that will give them clean, refreshing, and healthier water.
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